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Google infringed Oracle Java copyrights jury

SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) – Google Inc infringed some of Oracle Corp’s copyrights on the Java programming language, a U.S. jury found on Monday after days of deliberation.

Oracle may have suffered a setback, however, because the jury could not reach a decision on whether Google’s actions constituted fair use and were legally allowed.

The fair use question is crucial to determining damages. If Google’s use of the Java programming tools is determined to be fair, the company would not be liable for damages in connection with some of Oracle’s copyrights.

“There wouldn’t be damages, at least on this part Buy Windows 7 Product Key, if their(Google’s) use was determined to be fair. If the fair use defense was upheld, they wouldn’t be liable,” said Edward Naughton, partner of Brown Rudnick LLP in Boston who is not involved in the case.

“That’s why from a dollars and cents standpoint it’s a pretty important argument. I think it’s frustratingly inconclusive and we’ll have to wait and see how it all comes to a conclusion,” Naughton said.

The partial verdict in the high stakes lawsuit, which focuses on Google’s development of the Android mobile operating system, was read in a San Francisco federal courtroom. The lawsuit, brought in August 2010, now moves on to the next phase: patent claims. A third phase of the trial would decide damages.

After Monday’s verdict, Google’s lawyers challenged the key jury finding on Java copyrights and moved for a mistrial.

Google says it does not violate Oracle’s patents and that Oracle cannot copyright certain parts of Java, an “open-source,” or publicly available, software language. The trial has featured testimony from Oracle Chief Executive Larry Ellison and Google CEO Larry Page.

Earlier in the case, estimates of potential damages against Google ran as high as $6.1 billion. But Google successfully narrowed Oracle’s patent claims, so that the bulk of Google’s exposure to damages now derives mostly from copyright claims. Oracle is seeking roughly $1 billion in copyright damages.

The main questions in the case revolve around Google’s use of APIs — application programming interfaces — or a set of tools through which developers utilize the Java software language, and whether they can be copyrighted like software code.

“We appreciate the jury’s efforts, and know that fair use and infringement are two sides of the same coin Cheap windows 7 key,” Google spokesman Jim Prosser said in a statement.

“The core issue is whether the APIs here are copyrightable, and that’s for the court to decide. We expect to prevail on this issue and Oracle’s other claims.”

Oracle said in a statement that it welcomed the verdict and that “the overwhelming evidence” demonstrated that Google knew it needed a license for Java.

“Every major commercial enterprise — except Google — has a license for Java and maintains compatibility to run across all computing platforms,” Oracle said.

Almost immediately after rendering the copyright verdict, the seven-woman, five-man jury began hearing opening statements on the patent issues. The trial, which began in mid-April before U.S. District Judge William Alsup, is expected to last at least eight weeks.

The case in U.S. District Court Windows 7 Key, Northern District of California, is Oracle America, Inc v. Google Inc, 10-3561.

(Reporting by Malathi Nayak; Editing by Gerald E. McCormick, Bernard Orr and Steve Orlofsky)

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10 Beliefs That May Be Keeping You From the Life Y

We’re often kept from getting what we want in life by the demands we place on ourselves more so than by the demands of others. Pressure, hassles and tension often come when what we want to do conflicts with what we tell ourselves is “right.” We see a messy house and believe we “should” clean it, or we long to pursue a career we’re passionate about but tell ourselves “I can’t do that.”

If you are stuck “doing the right thing” while sacrificing what you want, your beliefs about how you “should” act may be holding you back. Often, we give up on our dreams or find ourselves mired in daily duties not because others are expecting things from us, but because we expect them from ourselves. These internal rules guide how we spend our money, use our free time and view our careers and relationships. They can originate in external expectations, moral codes or rules that you internalized long ago and now place on yourself.

Do you relate to any of the following beliefs:

1. “I should solve problems on my own (not doing so is weak, needy or means I’m inadequate).”
2. “I shouldn’t make requests from other people (I don’t deserve it or it’s selfish and self-centered.)”
3. “I should just deal with it.”
4. “I should sacrifice my needs for others.”
5. “I shouldn’t feel the way I do.”
6. “I should have done better (at work, in a relationship, on a task).”
7. “I can’t fail (failure would be disastrous).”
8. “Other people’s needs and wants are more important than mine.”
9. “I can’t handle criticism.”
10. “I should never need to be criticized (I should behave perfectly so that there is no need for criticism).”

When you carry around a heavy load of internal rules — “shoulds” — you become worn down and burdened by your own expectations.

Try picking one belief that you’re willing to let go. Look over the list or identify a belief of your own that contributes to your feeling overburdened and overwhelmed.

Try one or all of the following:

• Notice the belief, when you have it, then say to yourself, “there’s that belief about criticism (or whatever it’s about) again,” and imagine it drifting in and out of your thoughts, like a cloud drifts across the sky. You might watch the belief “I should never need to be criticized” enter your mind, drift by and float out. Don’t push it away or try to engage with it. Just notice it is there.

• Think the belief, but change the word “should” to “could.” If it’s a thought with the word “can’t” change it to “I feel sad, disappointed, anxious replica watches, when I.” Notice if the word change has an impact on how you feel. For example, you might change “I should just deal with it” to “I could just deal with it” or “I can’t handle criticism” to “I feel anxious when I’m criticized.” This subtle shift can increase the flexibility of your thoughts and expand your sense of having options.

• Imagine doing the thing you “should not” do, and in your image imagine a positive outcome. For example replica watches, if you tend to think “I should not need help,” you might imagine asking a supervisor for help. Now imagine that while your supervisor helps, you realize you have commonalities and end up developing a stronger relationship.

You can find more strategies to improve how you feel in my new book, The Stress Response and by clicking here to sign up for more of my tips and podcasts using DBT strategies to improve how you feel.

For more by Christy Matta replica watches, M.A., click here.

For more on mindfulness, click here.

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Shots fired at suburban house

Shots have been fired at a house in Launceston. Tattoo Gun Tattoo Designs

Police say at least two gunmen shot at the Ravenswood house early yesterday before running away.

Two adults and two children were inside at the time; one man received a minor head wound.

Neighbours were woken by the gunfire and windows and doors were destroyed.

Det. Sen. Sgt. Jonathan Higgins says police believe the victims know the shooters Tattoo Gun Equipment, but are refusing to identify them.

“It's not a random attack Tattoos Machines Kits, it's specifically targeted at this house and these occupants. It's not gang related or anything like that,” he said.

There have been three similar shootings in Hobart in the past six weeks.

Two are still under investigation.

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Top bankruptcy lawyer leaving Dewey

May 11, 2012 (Reuters) — Martin Bienenstock Homemade Tattoo Guns, a prominent bankruptcy lawyer who advised on General Motors Co’s restructuring in 2009, is leaving the law firm Dewey & LeBoeuf to join Proskauer Rose, which announced his move on Friday. A man moves boxes out of the offices of Dewey & LeBoeuf in New York May 11, 2012. Once one of the largest law firms in the United States, Dewey & LeBoeuf has suffered a wave of partner defections in recent months amid a debt crisis and concerns over partner compensation. Dewey warned employees last week of layoffs and that it would possibly close. A lawsuit filed Thursday by an employee at Dewey said the firm planned to fire about 450 workers in its New York office on Friday. REUTERS/Eduardo Munoz

Bienenstock has been part of a small management team overseeing Dewey since a leadership shakeup in March. Earlier this week, two other members of that office announced plans to leave the firm.

Bienenstock’s departure would leave just L. Charles Landgraf as a member of the chairman’s office. Proskauer said that five other restructuring partners at Dewey will join Bienenstock at the firm.

“We aim to continue developing our multidisciplinary approach to take restructuring and governance to the next level,” Bienenstock said in a statement issued by Proskauer.

Once one of the largest law firms in the United States, Dewey & LeBoeuf has suffered a wave of partner defections in recent months amid a debt crisis and concerns over partner compensation. Around 200 of the firm’s roughly 300 partners have left since January, with several other departures besides Bienenstock’s group announced on Friday.

Bienenstock had been a leading force in seeking to avoid the firm’s dissolution since being put in the firm’s office of the chairman in March.

The firm last week warned employees of mass layoffs and of the possibility the firm may close. A lawsuit filed on Thursday by an employee at Dewey said the firm planned to fire about 450 workers in its New York office on Friday.

Lawyers in Dewey’s California offices were told this week that California operations would cease on May 15, said Henry Bunsow, who resigned from the partnership earlier this week. He had been co-chair of Dewey’s intellectual property litigation group.

“There was a video conference a couple days ago, Tuesday, where we were told it would happen,” Bunsow said.

Spokespeople for Dewey have previously denied reports the firm as a whole would close by May 15. On Friday, William Brandt What Is The Best Tattoo Machine, a consultant advising Dewey on its restructuring, said no such decision had been made.

“While there are some reductions in force that will take effect tonight and Tuesday,” Brandt said on Friday, “they by no means represent a closure of the firm or anything similar.”

Bunsow is no stranger to law firm dissolutions. He was vice chairman of Howrey, which dissolved two months after he left for Dewey in January 2011. He said he plans to open a four-partner boutique in San Francisco called Bunsow & DeMory.

“Dewey went down a little quicker than everyone expected,” he said.

Other signs of distress at Dewey continued to mount in recent days. On Thursday, the U.S. Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation said it would take responsibility for three pension plans covering 1 Buy Tattoo Machine,800 current and future retirees at Dewey. The plans were underfunded by $80 million, the agency said.

LEADERSHIP AT DEWEY

Bienenstock joined Dewey from Weil, Gotshal & Manges in February 2008. Well known in bankruptcy circles, he became one of the chief partners tasked with restructuring Dewey as troubles mounted.

Amid partner defections, Dewey created a five-person “office of the chairman” on March 27, including Bienenstock, to take over responsibility from its then-chairman, Steven Davis.

Davis was removed from all leadership roles on April 29 after the firm said in a memo that the New York District Attorney was investigating allegations of wrongdoing against Davis.

Davis has denied any improprieties. A spokeswoman for Davis declined comment on Friday.

Jeffrey Kessler and Richard Shutran, two other partners in the office of the chairman, said on Wednesday they were leaving Dewey. Shutran, former co-chair of Dewey’s corporate department, is joining O’Melveny & Myers, while Kessler, the former head of litigation at Dewey, is going to Winston & Strawn.

(Additional reporting by Nick Brown and Caroline Humer; Editing by Steve Orlofsky and Carol Bishopric)

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A Dimon in the Rough

Like a fat kid and chocolate cake, some things are just inseparable. And CEO Jaime Dimon of JPMorgan Chase has proven that parable with his near insatiable appetite in saying the wrong thing at the wrong time.

Listening to the hastily convened conference call Mr. Dimon conducted with members of the press, institutional investors and Wall Street analysts last week, it was comedic and anomalous at the same time. Although Mr. Dimon is known to have a silver tongue, one could not help but cringe the next morning when major news outlets replayed segments of the conference call.

Keeping consistent with child-like parables, Mr. Dimon’s explanation for the $2 billion plus derivative fiasco from one of its London based traders, nicknamed “the London Whale” and “Voldemort,” after the Harry Potter villain, was like a teenager explaining to his math teacher that his dog ate his homework.

While most bank CEO’s have the right mind to zip their mouth during a major faux pas, Mr. Dimon’s propensity for dis-engagement is near impossible.

Excavating himself downward into a slippery deep hole, one just wanted to yell out “stop digging.” The clumsy Herve Leger gown sale, inept and inelegant rationale had the bravado of a 2nd Lieutenant trying to explain to his troops how he called in air strikes with the wrong coordinates — with the collateral damage consisting of half the platoon slaughtered. West Point pedigree or not, you’re still upset at the guy for his ineptitude.

And although Mr. Dimon is a graduate of Harvard, it still might be wise for him not to turn his back for extended periods of time. One could almost hear the knifes being sharpened in the boardroom and Brutus preparing the last meal. Even General Custer probably had a better excuse for his troops then just simply stating, “My bad”.

This is dangerous behavior. And while Mr. Dimon may have been right in suggesting that the trading activity was within the guidelines of the “Volcker rule” on or off steroids — since legislation is soon to go in effect this summer, he may have severally incriminated himself in terms of a breach of fiduciary responsibility to bank shareholders. From the legal perspective of disgruntled institutional shareholders, this may be just what the doctor ordered as a pre-text in staging a boardroom coup.

With Mr. Dimon explaining, “Obviously, it puts egg on our face, and we deserve any criticism we get… so feel free to give it to us, and we’ll probably agree with you.”

Explanations like these just don’t cut it. To be certain Replica DKNY Clothes, lawyers for the pension funds, hedge funds, institutional investors and other concerned vested members in the operations of JPMorgan Chase — will not be swayed by Mr. Dimon’s “everything’s okay, so bring it on” swagger.

Lie Spotting

Mr. Dimon’s explanation that banking is risky business and that’s what they all signed up for, will likely fall on deaf ears. When a bank loses $2 billion dollars in six weeks (that’s with a big fat B), you don’t just shrug your shoulders and say “Atta boy.” Or as Mitt Romney would say, “Atta girl”.

The whimsical, slightly high pierced cadence of Mr. Dimon’s’ explanation was rambling at times and veered up several octaves when he gave reassurances that it wouldn’t happen again.

Ask a lie spotter, which are lie detection experts who recognize facial expressions, gestures and other forms of deception, and you might get a deeper and more disturbing profile of Mr. Dimon’s behavior during his conference call. Pamela Meyer, author of Liespotting: Proven Techniques to Detect Deception, would have a field day in listening to Mr. Dimon’s tortured explanation.

What Mrs. Meyers does, and those like her who carry the professional designation CPE, or Certified Fraud Examiners, is to learn the language of deception. They look for twitches in the face, unnatural voice inflection and nonverbal behavior — and what they might tell you is that Mr. Dimon is a text book example of what not to do when explaining a colossal mistake. So colossal, that if one were to ask where the lawyers were when Mr. Dimon went live on the speaker phone, my guess is that they were in the next room vomiting.

The problem some in Wall Street will have with Mr. Dimon’s assurance, is that it had been rumored for the past month that heavy blocks of trading were occurring that violated not only common sense, but potential regulatory laws. And that even if the tsunami-like trading was legal, it was so contrarian to Wall Street norms — that lone wolf contrarians looked like milk n’ cookie boys in comparison. And that’s saying a lot for an industry that prides itself on its own testicular fortitude.

Oversized Ambitions in the Banking Industry

For the investment banking industry — that likely has a 15 to 1 ownership ratio of Hummer vehicles compared to the rest of car owning America — it speaks loudly of their own Freudian issues. Don’t believe me, take a look at the 11 foot high, 7,000 pound bronze Charging Bull statue anchored a few blocks from the New York Stock Exchange on 11 Wall Street.

In the early 90s, when I first made my pilgrimage to Wall Street to meet with a firm for some mortgage operations project work, I was taken aback by its enormity. The magnitude and girth of the bull was abnormal. Especially so when viewed from the backside. If that doesn’t scream inadequacies, I’m not certain what does?

Everybody loves a Shakespearean ending, and Mr. Dimon’s Falstaf-like penchant for being a vain, boastful, attention whore, may in the end reveal that “the emperor has no clothes.” Dubbed the “King of Wall Street”, he might be more appropriately titled the “King of Narcissistic Behavior.” And we all know what happened to the greek God of Narcissus? If you’re not familiar with this tragedy of self-love, here’s a short re-hash:

As Greek mythology explains it, Nemesis, the god of revenge and retribution, placed a spell on Narcissus to make him love his own image in a pool of water. Narcissus became so mesmerized by his own reflection that he died. Technically, it was by starvation, since he was so impressed by his own appearance, he could not wrest himself away of his own mirror image.

In addition to being very self-impressed, Mr. Dimon’s penchant for remarkable non-sequiturs is near legendary. In response to the government’s excessive regulations in connection with the bank industry’s revenue generating practices (i.e., Bank of America’s proposed debit card monthly fee), Mr. Dimon stated in October 2011, “If you’re a restaurant and you can’t charge for the soda, you’re going to charge more for the burger.” There’s a special place in Hell for CEO’s that think like that.

To be certain, Mr. Dimon is a moving road hazard. His foodie comment on what happens to the cost of a hamburger when you can’t charge for a soda pop is comparable to Marie Antoinette’s ill-fated quip, “Let them eat cake.” In the end, Mr. Dimon may have to eat his own words. If you can imagine the visual, seeing Mrs. Antoinette up on the plank kneeling downward with her head squeezed in the guillotine rack, she must have had an incredible sense of self-reflection. Like. “What was I thinking!”

Mr. Dimon is not alone in his cocooned world of conceit and smugness. Hubris is nothing new to those in the real estate/mortgage finance world. As a recovering real estate investor who got his ass kicked in the last real estate cycle, I still find it painful to sit down. (That’s how bad it was. Soft tissue damage at the very least). And then to add injury to insult, I’ve made my living as a mortgage operations consultant the last three years by cleaning up the toxic crap that I was somewhat responsible for inflicting. So I know what hubris is all about and the Shakespearean after-shocks. And the irony.

And as someone who had an executive office in the highest high-rise in downtown Los Angeles — and west of the Mississippi, you feel a sense of uppity pride, sprinkled with a pinch of invincibility, and a side of arrogance. And then when you throw in gobs of money, it’s what they call FU money. For those without an urban street dictionary, that’s short for “f—k you” money.

Whether or not Mr. Dimon proves to be a cubic zirconia, or a true diamond in the rough, the value of JPMorgan Chase has suffered — and even if only temporally, the denizens of its hard-working work force deserve a better form of leadership. A leader that invokes maturity, sensibility and fiduciary decency. Not leadership from a synthetic icon that never passed a mirror he didn’t like.

   

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Toyota dominates Consumer Reports annual Top Picks

Two years after Consumer Reports smacked Toyota by pulling its coveted Recommended label from the Japanese automaker’s vehicles in the wake of safety concerns, the venerable consumer products testing magazine has slipped back into its comfortable role of being one of Toyota’s biggest fans. In announcing its annual Top Picks list, CR lauded five Toyota models as best-in-class, meaning the once beleaguered brand captured fully half of the category awards.

The five triumphant Toyota models included the Camry Hybrid (hybrid), RAV4 (small SUV), Sienna V6 (family hauler), Prius (green car) Tattoo Supplies, and Highlander (Family SUV). It is the first time since 2003 that a single automaker has scored five class awards. Honda, the last automaker to do so, did not land a single vehicle on the list for the second time in three years.

Other vehicles landing a spot on the list include the Ford Mustang (sporty car), Hyundai Sonata (affordable family sedan) Tattoo Supplies, Infiniti G (sports sedan), Subaru Impreza (small car), and Chevrolet Avalanche (pickup truck).

CR says it evaluates vehicles for their road test performance, as well as reliability and safety, requiring that winners rank at least near the top of their category on the organization’s overall road test scores while having average or better reliability on reader surveys and performing “well” on crash tests.

Click past the jump to read the full press release.

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Not Dressing the Part

The Los Angeles Times leads with word that military planners are working on designing a new strategy for Iraq, in case the increased military presence fails to achieve its goals or Congress intervenes. The plan would be based in part on the U.S. experience in El Salvador in the 1980s and involves a decrease in troops and an increase in training efforts. The New York Times leads with a look at how several states have seen a decline in their Medicaid enrollment  for the first time in years. Officials agree it’s the result of a 2006 federal law that requires beneficiaries to prove they are U.S. citizens in order to prevent illegal immigrants from receiving Medicaid. But, according to state officials Missoni Dresses sale, the new requirements are overwhelmingly hurting poor U.S. citizens who aren’t able to provide the proper documents.

The Washington Post leads with a look at how potential terrorists in Europe are becoming increasingly harder to profile and identify. Authorities are seeing more people from different backgrounds or characteristics that don’t follow the patterns that were once the norm for terrorists. Some European intelligence officials say that terrorist organizations are purposefully recruiting these types of people so they won’t be the targets of unwanted attention. The Army is facing a severe shortage of officers Herve Leger v neck sale, USA Todayreports in its lead story. The Army expects it will have an annual shortage of 3,000 midlevel officers through 2013. In addition, the Army is also facing an “impending shortage” of entry-level officers. The Wall Street Journal plays catch-up and tops its world-wide newsbox with a roundup of the weekend’s Iraq-related news.

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The LAT says the planning for the new “fallback strategy” is only beginning and could change depending on what happens on the ground. The U.S. military efforts in El Salvador are still controversial but some argue that a small number of advisers can be more successful than big military operations such as in Vietnam or Iraq. The paper waits until nearly the end of the piece to quote some people who think military planners should not be using El Salvador as a model for Iraq because the two situations have little in common. The LAT also spends some time discussing how this new planning is occurring in a divided Pentagon where tensions are rising. While a group supports Gen. David Petraeus and his strategy to concentrate on protecting neighborhoods, others believe the U.S. military should switch immediately to an advisers-only role, a strategy some believe is a recipe for failure.

The NYT is alone in fronting news that insurgents burned homes in a city northeast of Baghdad Herve Leger gown sale, which the paper says could signal the emergence a new “intimidation tactic in Iraq’s evolving civil war.” There are different accounts of exactly how many houses were affected Discount Missoni Dresses, but an official said at least 30 were completely burned. The NYT emphasizes that this happened in a mixed neighborhood (the Post says it is predominantly Shiite) and that both Sunni and Shiite houses were burned. The Post reports that even though the armed men who set the fires entered the neighborhood Satuday night, Iraqi security forces did not arrive on the scene until after dawn  Sunday.

Everybody mentions a suicide bomber killed returning Shiite pilgrims yesterday and, according to the LAT’s count at least 31 people were killed. Also yesterday, the U.S. military announced the death of three more U.S. soldiers.

Over the weekend, McClatchy reported on how New Mexico’s Republican Party chairman had complained to Karl Rove about fired U.S. Attorney David Iglesias. When the chairman asked if anything was going to happen to Iglesias, Rove reportedly said “He’s gone.” Yesterday Replica Hale Bob Dresses, the White House said Rove does not recall making the statement but confirmed that he did relay the complaints to the Justice Department, and he may have mentioned it to Attorney General Alberto Gonzales as well. But a White House spokeswoman insisted Rove did not ask for anyone to be fired. House Democrats said they intend to question Rove about his role in the firings. None of the papers give the alleged Rove connection much play.

The papers mention that Democratic Sen. Charles E. Schumer of New York yesterday said Attorney General Alberto Gonzales should resign. Mentioning many of the same points as yesterday’s NYT editorial, Schumer said Gonzales “either doesn’t accept or doesn’t understand that he is no longer just the president’s lawyer but has a higher obligation to the rule of law and the Constitution.”

In all the talk in recent weeks about medical care for injured veterans, the emerging conventional wisdom has been that despite all the shortcomings, those with the most severe injuries receive great care. Today, A Page One story in the NYT reveals that may not always be the case. The paper talked to several families of veterans who suffered severe brain injuries who say the military health-care system either abandoned hope for their loved ones too early or failed to provide options that could improve the situation. In one case, the Army basically told a veteran that he would be confined to a wheelchair for the rest of his life, but three months after going elsewhere for rehabilitation Buy Chloe Dresses, he is walking again.

The Post reports that poor medical care for returning veterans is also a problem for British troops, according to some families. The British government played down these claims, which were first reported by the Observeryesterday.

Maybe Wilson should have gone to Florida … The LAT mentions that a pawn-shop owner in Florida got quite a surprise when he opened a box of rocks from an estate sale and saw one labeled uranium. Emergency workers confirmed the container had about an ounce of yellowcake uranium. No one was in any danger, and a spokeswoman for the Florida Department of Law Enforcement said they receive reports of small amounts of yellowcake “on a regular basis.”

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How To Live A Long And Happy Life

From Larissa MacFarquhar’s profile of the nonagenarian novelist (and retired white-shoe lawyer) Louis Auchincloss in the Feb. 25 New Yorker:

“[My late wife] Adele once said to me, ‘I thought I was going to meet all these wonderful writers when I married you Discount Herve leger strapless,’” Auchincloss says. “And I said Discount Herve Leger gown, ‘Who would you like to meet? And she said, ‘Well, what about Norman Mailer?’ I said Cheap Herve leger strapless, ‘You want to meet Norman Mailer? I have an invitation from him, a party in Brooklyn.’ ‘Oh, let’s go,’ she said. ‘When is it?’ ‘It’s Wednesday,’ I said Replica Bandage dresses, ‘and it starts at midnight.’ She said, ‘For Pete’s sakes Buy Herve Leger v neck, I’m beddy-bye by then.’ ‘Well Buy Hale Bob Dresses, don’t ask to meet writers if you want to go beddy-bye,’ I said. ‘I want to go beddy-bye, too.’”

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The Proto-Internet of 1704

The earliest newspapers understood the value of user commenting

Before Wikipedia, before blogs, before comment areas or message boards, before the Internet—hell, before the mass adoption of indoor plumbing—readers were generating valuable content.

I stumbled across this historical fact while reading Thomas C. Leonard’s 1995 book, News for All: America’s Coming-of-Age With the Press. He writes Replica Chloe Dresses, “When Americans chose the news Discount Herve Leger v neck, they were often not simply thinking of stories they wished to read; they were thinking of another reader.”

Leonard’s example is the Boston News-Letter Bandage dresses sale, first published in 1704. Its proprietor, John Campbell, deliberately left blank space in its pages so subscribers could annotate and otherwise append their ideas and “news” to the newspaper. These amendments weren’t aimless jottings, either. Newspapers were routinely shared after purchase, and the notes readers added in the spaces and margins were designed to edify the friend or acquaintance the reader next forwarded his paper to.

Nor was Campbell the first to reserve such a space for readers in his pages. In 1696, British publisher Ichabod Dawks left blank space in his pages for readers to supplement the words he printed. The first edition of Dawks’s News Letter, dated Aug. 4, 1696, told readers, “This letter will be done upon good writing-paper Discount Herve Leger v neck, and blank spaces left that any gentleman may write his own private business.” Historian of journalism Frank Mott notes that America’s first newspaper, Publick Occurrences Chloe Dresses sale, which printed just one edition in 1690 before being shuttered by the government, also left a blank page * for the comments of readers.

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As newspapers evolved, readers found new ways to comment. Leonard reports that later subscribers in Boston paid a premium for wrappers “so they would have a generous writing space as they sent the paper along.” In the 1800s, as pioneers moved West, the mailed newspaper became “a natural greeting card,” as Leonard puts it, that allowed friends and family back home to know that the traveler had arrived at his destination. Friendships and courtships were advanced by the exchange of newspapers, much as friends and lovers trade URLs via e-mail today. By forwarding a newspaper—or a URL—the sender validates the information transferred. But usually, the information being transferred is dwarfed by the sender’s expression that he is just thinking of the recipient.

In Knowledge Is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700-1865, Richard D. Brown describes another proto-Web means of news transmission. In late-18th-century Boston, ship captains, merchants, traders, and others would gather at the coffeehouse to trade word of mouth and partake of the newspapers purchased by the proprietor. They would also consult the books maintained by the coffee shop, whose blank pages they would fill with their “news and opinions daily.” The way Brown describes them, these pages sound like today’s comments sections (except they obviously didn’t require writers to register their e-mail addresses or Facebook IDs).

In my plunge into the prehistory of comments sections, I’ve yet to find evidence of the first flame war or of the first banned commenter. But as I dig deeper, I’m sure I will. Nobody can respond to the news for long without knocking somebody’s nose out of joint, right?

******

I used to get a slew of e-mail from readers. Then, in February, Slate added a new in-page comments system that allows readers to post their comments directly below Slate pieces. (Previously, readers could post only to our “Fray” section, which you have to click to read.) Now, instead of sharing their cheeky comments with just me, readers are doing that coffee shop thing and sharing them with one another. That leaves me feeling lonely. Bring back the good old days: Send e-mail to slate.pressbox@gmail.com. Or at the very least sign up for my Twitter feed. (E-mail may be quoted by name in “The Fray,” Slate’s readers’ forum; in a future article; or elsewhere unless the writer stipulates otherwise. Permanent disclosure: Slate is owned by the Washington Post Co.)

Track my errors: This hand-built RSS feed will ring every time Slate runs a “Press Box” correction. For e-mail notification of errors in this specific column, type the word Publick in the subject head of an e-mail message Buy Chloe Dresses, and send it to slate.pressbox@gmail.com.

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Obama Unleashed

The weekly presidential radio address is a sleepy tradition. On Saturday, though, the president said something that may have caused people to wake up and take notice. Obama called the Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell “cynical and deceptive” for asserting that financial regulatory reform legislation now under consideration in Congress would lead to future bailouts.

President Obama usually keeps it vague. His disagreements are with “some people” or those who want to “defend the status quo.” It’s usually clear whom he’s talking about, but Obama, like all presidents, generally adds a little soft padding to stay presidential and above it all. That aloofness irritated some of his Democratic allies during the health care fight. They were glad he finally took the fight to Republicans in the end and appeared ready to keep the pressure there. They like that he’s doing it again now with McConnell. This is an election year, after all. “If he’d done this a little earlier on health care How to buy Replica BMW Watches, maybe it would have passed sooner Fake Hublot Watches for sale,” said one veteran Democrat involved in the fall campaigns.

The president benefits from being specific in this case because he has a story to tell about McConnell. His charge is not merely that the GOP leader is mischaracterizing the financial reform legislation. The president is charging that McConnell is in the pocket of Wall Street bankers. “It turns out Mitch McConnell thinks differently,” Obama told Democratic donors after explaining why he supports the legislation. “I don’t know exactly what happened Replica Titoni Watches, but he and the chairman of the Senate [electoral] committee went up to Wall Street, had a pow-wow with them, and came away—the next thing we knew they were all opposed to financial-regulatory reform. I don’t know the nature of the conversation but I’m hoping that they will do the right thing.”

Why respond so directly? No one else could do the job. If this were the debate over health care legislation, the president might be letting Democratic leaders fight it out. But in this case the White House does not want to risk losing the fight to define the legislation. The “Wall Street bailout” charge is perhaps the most toxic one in American politics right now. It inspires conservatives, irritates independents, and depresses liberals. In a political campaign where Democrats seek to position themselves as defenders of the common people against insurance companies and Wall Street banks Where find Replica Titoni Watches, the characterization could not risk getting muddied.

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On a policy level, the White House argues that the president used such strong language because McConnell was suggesting taxpayers would foot the bill for future bailouts when the legislation is designed to do the opposite—it would require banks to pay to liquidate failing institutions. Their case was rather thoroughly supported by Republican Sen. Bob Corker of Tennessee. “This fund that’s been set up is anything but a bailout,” he said. “It’s been set up to provide upfront funding by the industry so that when these companies are seized Replica Perrelet Watches for sale, there’s money available to make payroll and to wind it down while the pieces are being sold off.”

The pressure seemed to be working. Sen. McConnell on Tuesday seemed to pull back from his previous opposition to the legislation, acknowledging that “both parties agree on this point: no bailouts.” Senior Republican leadership aides said that McConnell spoke out against reform so strongly because he felt Democrats were not negotiating in good faith. Now that negotiations have restarted Fake Graham London Watches, they say, his goal has been achieved.  Democrats characterize this position as a climb-down and recognition that the politics were against him.

Obama will add more fodder to this debate Thursday in a speech on Wall Street reform at Cooper Union. Will he be as tough on Wall Street as he has been on McConnell, whom he says is doing its bidding? White House aides say the speech will be to the American people, setting the stakes for the legislation they see with a clarity reminiscent of George W. Bush’s position on Iraq. You’re either with American families or with Wall Street.

If he plays true to type, Obama will take the balanced tone he has tried to apply throughout—decrying the excessive bonuses and risk-taking by banks while championing the need for vibrant financial markets. This has the added advantage of not overly offending the bankers who gave so generously to his campaign and the Democratic Party. But some of his allies say the moment calls for the same sharpness against Wall Street that he used with McConnell. That would help push the legislation and make a statement about what Democrats stand for. As the White House knows, polls show that talking about restraining Wall Street only makes this legislation more popular.

If he needs a model, Obama might refer to Woodrow Wilson, another president known for his cerebral approach. In 1910, just before running for governor of New Jersey, Wilson gave a lecture about self-sacrifice which Obama could actually lift word-for-word today:

Banking is founded on a moral basis and not a financial basis. The trouble today is that you bankers are too narrow-minded. You don’t know the country or what is going on in it and the country doesn’t trust you. You are not interested in the development of the country. … You take no interest in the small borrower and the small enterprise which affect the future of the country, but you give every attention to the big borrower and the rich enterprise. … You bankers see nothing beyond your own interests. … You should be broader minded and see what is best for the country in the long run.

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